Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides - Epic Portrait of America in the Twentieth Century Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is evident that the overall goal of the novel Middlesex of Pulitzer Prize-winning, Jeffrey Eugenides is painting a picture of American life and the decisions of one particular family in history. Eugenides takes the reader through the minds of each family member, allowing them a peek inside the windows into their souls. He begins with the grandmother, Desdemona, and her escape from her Greek island home and how she first fell in love with her brother lefty. Through the eyes of Desdemona, the reader can begin to understand the reasoning behind her incestuous relationship with her brother Lefty. He makes it easy for the reader to understand why the family members decide to do the things that they do, and why they have made specific decisions because the reader is allowed to see the reasoning behind it. For instance, Eugenides shows the significance and emotional meaningfulness of the silkworm box and how it brought the grandmother memories of her homeland and her first memories of love and growing up. This box stays with Desdemona her entire life, even after all the silkworms have died. We will write a custom essay sample on Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides - Epic Portrait of America in the Twentieth Century or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Cal describes the box at the end of the novel as, "The box was now so stuffed with mementos it wouldn't shut. Inside were snapshots, old letters, precious buttons, worry beads" (Eugenides). Cal goes on to say that even though he cannot see to the bottom of the box, he is sure that the clippings of Lefty's hair and Desdemona's wedding dress are in the box as well. What this silkworm box probably does not contain are references to the many different jobs that a family has had in attempts to stay afloat and to make a place for themselves in American society. If the box could speak it would tell of how eve Desdemona herself was once forced to go to work in an attempt to make money for her family. How she was willing to sacrifice her precious silkworms in order to survive. It also wouldn't tell of Lefty's desperate resorts for money and how he used to traffic alcohol during prohibitions and how he "begins to traffic secretly in the bodies of women, collaborating on nude photos for a steady side income (Eugenides).

Climate Change The United States - 1141 Words

Intro 2 climate change Not two weeks ago, I was floating on a noodle, beer in hand, life and conversation good; when the topic of climate change came up and I was presented with an opportunity to ponder why people see the same things so differently. It started when a new friend seemed unaware and untroubled that 2016 is on track to be the hottest year on record, making it the third year in a row to set this record. When I asked if he believed climate change was happening, he said that he did, but he was quick to point out that that climate change has occurred many times in the earth s history and this is just another one of those times. But when I tried to point out the difference with the current climate change phenomenon from the historic ones is when it got interesting. He passionately disagreed that human activity has anything to do with it. Then I, in higher octave, countered with â€Å"But the scientific community is united about this. We are the cause of this †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before I could finish he replied â€Å"That’s not true, there are plenty of scientists who don t agree it is man made.† I wanted to explode with the quotes, facts, figures to clearly refute his position, when a curious thing happened: I had nothing. I found myself reaching for my intellectual â€Å"piece† and realized that it had no bullets. While I was certain he was blaspheming atop a glass mountain, I had no stone to throw, not even a peltable pebble, except, â€Å"Oh yeah! Well my scientists are smarter than yourShow MoreRelatedClimate Change And The United States1574 Words   |  7 Pagesreport will analyze climate change and the initiative that the United States is taking in the Arctic. If ignored, climate change poses serious problems for the world’s population in the near future. The increasing amount of media regarding the severity of climate change has pushed researchers for answers. The report will explore the causes of climate change, how climate change is affecting the ecology, economy and people in the Alaskan Arctic, and possible solutions to the climate changing. 1.2 BackgroundRead MoreClimate Change : The United States948 Words   |  4 PagesToday, people in the United States and around the world face a changing climate that threatens our way of life. An increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather conditions poses a threat to food security, infrastructure and economic affluence. In the United States, climatologists from the United Nations project that a seven-degree Fahrenheit increase in average temperatures will cause more frequent droughts affecting agriculture in the Midwest and more severe and frequent tropical stormsRead MoreClimate Change And The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesaround 600 tons of carbon dioxide emissions (Saidur, Rahim, Islam, Solangi, 2011). Therefore, it is easy to see that the widespread use of wind power can help mitigate climate change. This is critical to help stop climate change and the United States is uniquely positioned to be the leader in curbing climate. When the United States star ts heavily investing in alternative energy sources other countries will likely follow suit, which will be key to reducing global emissions. Another benefit to windRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Discordant Applications of the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Doctrine as a Hindrance to Climate Change Policy Climate change looms large over our rapidly growing and continually changing world. No longer are the adverse effects of this menacing global issue a mere ominous projections, they are starting to become a very concrete reality. Countries are today experiencing rising sea levels, which compromises coastal infrastructure, prolonged drought, squeezing food supply and agriculturalRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States981 Words   |  4 Pagescause damage. As storms continue to grow stronger, that figure will continue to rise. Though the destruction of climate change can be seen globally with storms, wildfires, and oil depletion, Popular support for environmental movements and policies is minimal. The numbers needed to make a difference are not there. From 2008 to 2010, the number of Americans who believed in climate change dropped to 57%. While shocking, there is an array of psychological reasons for the lack of support. Ordinary citizensRead MoreThe Effects Of C limate Change On The United States1131 Words   |  5 PagesOur climate plays an important role in human societies and affects agriculture, ecosystems, our natural environment and our health. Human activities such as pollution and deforestation, has changed the climate as a whole, leading to an increased amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere. The effects of this has led to higher sea levels, loss of sea ice and an increase in heat waves across the globe. A recent report released by the Environmental Protection AgencyRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The United States1397 Words   |  6 Pagescontinued growth of GHG emissions could cause global average temperatures to increase by another 4 °C or more by 2100 and by 1.5 to 2 times as much in many midcontinent and far northern locations (1). Although our understanding of the impacts of climate change is increasingly and disturbingly clear, there is still debate about the proper course for U.S. policy—a debate that is very much on display during the current presidential transition. 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Around the globe, countries are responding to the climate question using various policies aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change as well as reducing the causal effects of the shifts in climate. Various nations have put in place policies that are continuously analyzedRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Climate Change On The United States1428 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of global climate change is like sayi ng that they do not believe in science. About 200 nations, including the United States, have all come to the conclusion that climate change is indeed a real and that we, human-beings, have become responsible for finding a solution to this precarious situation that we have put ourselves in. However, there is still a small population of people that believe that there is nothing we can do to forestall the destructive effects of global climate change. To retract

Psychoanalytic Therapy Session Essay Research Paper Classical free essay sample

Psychoanalytical Therapy Session Essay, Research Paper Classical Psychoanalysis. Situation: Billy Bruce has been enduring a mild signifier of frenzied depression, or bipolar upset and eventually decided to seek aid from a classical psychoanalyst, Michelle, who was a rigorous Freudian. Following is an extract of the conversations between Billy and his psychoanalyst during a typical therapy. Meter: Are you experiencing comfy on the sofa? Bacillus: Yes # 8230 ; Meters: Now, loosen up every individual strand of musculuss in your organic structure, and near you eyes # 8230 ; yes, that s it. I want you to experience wholly relaxed and merely talk. Bacillus: Just speak # 8230 ; ? Meter: Yes, talk. You can state me anything, how you re experiencing now, how you were experiencing yesterday and the yearss before, of any dreams that you ve had, of your childhood memories # 8230 ; Anything truly. Free your head, let yourself be wholly sincere and state whatever that comes to mind, no affair how fiddling or abashing it may look to you. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanalytic Therapy Session Essay Research Paper Classical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bacillus: Okay # 8230 ; good, I was born in Lafayette, Indiana, and I grew up at that place. My male parent, whom I found out subsequently wasn t my existent male parent, was a lunatic. He came into my life when I was three or four, and I didn t even cognize my existent male parent existed until I was 17. I hated that adult male, my stepfather. He wholly damaged my childhood. Meters: Why, do you say, did you detest your stepfather so much? Bacillus: Well, for one thing, My ma ever picked him over me, even though she knew that he s a atrocious, atrocious individual. He was an egomaniac who wanted everybody pressed under his fingers. Like, we d have telecasting one hebdomad, so he would throw the T.V. out because they were demonic. I wasn t allowed to listen to music. Womans were evil. Everything was evil. One clip I was merely gazing at the Television # 8212 ; non believing, merely watching # 8212 ; a coffin nail commercial with two misss, and my pa smacked me and I went winging across the floor. Yeah, he physically and mentally abused me and my brother, who was his ain boy excessively. Even my sister. Meter: And your female parent knew about it? Bacillus: Of class she knew. She wasn t stupe, she was merely excessively insecure to be without this 2nd hubby, after being deserted by the first who happened to be my existent dada, by the manner. She was neer at that place for me or my sister or my brother. I used to experience this duty to travel back and assist my ma, since she was reasonably incapacitated in her state of affairs, but I don t any longer. She fed me and set apparels on my dorsum, but she was neer at that place for me. Meter: So you are stating that your ma frequently chose to pretermit you for your stepfather, even though she knew that you were abused in many ways by the same adult male? Bacillus: Yeah. I understand that she needs to experience secure and everything, but it was about like she doesn t give a rat s buttocks about me. She even tried to delight that adult male, irrespective of whether I was acquiring molested or screamed at or kicked about. Equally long as she can maintain her matrimony and hubby integral, lodge a nice normal household label over us, she can blind herself to everything else that were evidently incorrect. Meter: Do you experience that, in certain ways, you were similar to your stepfather? Bacillus: Y # 8230 ; No, of class non. Are you pull the leg ofing? That adult male was merely a cloaked felon. Meter: You re stating me that you are non in the least spot, like him? Billy, you can state me the truth. B ( silent for a ma ent ) : Well†¦maybe I am merely a small like him. Hey, how can I non be? For God s interest, he had me squeezed between his custodies for, like, 15 old ages before I had sufficiency of that subjugation and ran off from place. He was the lone male theoretical account I had before I knew any better, okay? You dig that? I m non evil like that adult male, I don t molest my ain girl. Meter: Calm down, Billy, breath. Okay, that s better. Yes, I do understand that you re non merely like your stepfather. But state me how were you likewise? Bacillus: I m reasonably set on destructing things when something sets me off, which could be virtually anything. He was like that. Besides I ever have this impulse to # 8230 ; good, set up, I guess, to others # 8212 ; particularly adult females # 8212 ; the fact that I am a tough cat. ( Laughs ) Hey, possibly that s why I m so screwed-up, because I m kind of like my stepfather. Meter: There s more to it than that, Billy. Bacillus: What do you intend by that? Meter: For one thing, you were likely sing what Freud called the Oedipus Complex, a male child s sexual desire towards his female parent and feeling of green-eyed monster and hatred for the rival male parent. Bacillus: So you re stating me that I hated my stepfather non because he oppressed me like snake pit and treated me like dirt, but because he was kiping with my ma. You make tonss of sense, Ms. Psychologist. Meter: Billy, you have to quiet yourself down and believe. I understand that you d be denying my readings right now, but I hope you ll finally listen and learn to accept the unconscious portion of you. That is the manner to truly cognize yourself, Billy. To delve up the unfulfilled yesteryear, events and motivations, uncover the unconscious, larn to confront it and get by with it. Merely in understanding yourself wholly can you cover with the obstructions soon with reason. Bacillus: Okay, if you say so. Meter: I ll seek to show to you what I see from what you ve state me so far. I know that you may experience the impulse to deny it, but I want you to merely believe about what I ll be stating you. I merely want to assist you see yourself more clearly. Are you ready for it? Bacillus: Yeah, I guess so. Meters: From what I understood by your revelation, you were likely sing the Oedipus Complex, feeling threatened that your stepfather would take your mother off from you. That likely contributed to your hatred toward that adult male. I m stating that the Complex was one of the factors, among with many others that you ve mentioned, that caused your competition. Finally you had to accept that you couldn t be involved with your female parent the same manner that your stepfather was, so you decided, unconsciously, to be like him. More or less if I can t crush him, be like him. That was how you ve achieved your slightly distorted gender individuality, through your designation procedure in which you incorporated your stepfather s values. Of class, since you unquestionably hate that adult male, to consciously admit would stir a enormous convulsion within yourself, hence rationalisation, a defence mechanism, decided protect you and allow yourself believe that you became like him merely because he was the lone male theoretical account you had. Besides, repression banished all sexual desires you felt toward your female parent from your witting head, and that is why you do non retrieve such a childhood lecherousness. However, repression is frequently uncomplete, with pent-up impulses oozing out in dream symbols, which we will research in due clip.

The Families Assessment in Nursing Essay Example

The Families Assessment in Nursing Paper Increasingly nursing is recognizing the significance of the family to the health and well being of individual family members (wright Leahey, 2000). Hatrick (1998) suggests family nursing in undergraduate nursing education will provide nurses with theoretical and practical skills to work effectively with families. This paper will demonstrate the assessment of one family using the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) as well as the Calgary Family Intervention Model (CFIM). The CFAM will provide information on the structural, developmental and functional components of the family. The familys strengths and weaknesses are identified, and the role of a community resource in this familys life is described. This discussion will demonstrate the relationship these concepts have on health and nursing in the family. All member of the family interviewed for this assignment agreed to participate but their names have been changed to ensure confidentiality. The Calgary Family Assessment Model The CFAM is an integrated conceptual framework developed by Wright and Leahey for use when interviewing and making assessment of families. We will write a custom essay sample on The Families Assessment in Nursing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Families Assessment in Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Families Assessment in Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The CFAM consists of three major categories: structural, developmental and functional. Each category contains its own subcategories that may be relevant or appropriate depending on the family being assessed. This assessment focuses on the interaction among all of the individuals withing a family. Structural Category Structural assessment aims to identify who is in the family, relationships among family member and those outside the family, and the familys context. (Wright and Leahey, 2000). The Smith family is a white single parent family consisting of Heather and her two year old daughter Brianna. Briannas father has not lived with them for a year and a half and currently lives two hours away, as do Heathers family. Brianna has weekly contact on the phone with her father and stays with him one weekend a month. Heathers parents divorced when she was thirteen. Her father has remarried and has three daughters from his second marriage. There is no rivalry between Heather and her half-sisters. Heathers mother and elderly grand-parents have weekly contact with the Smiths and are readily available to them both. Support may be financial, emotional or help with childcare. Heather described the relationship with her grandparents as very special. Heather sets the family boundaries at present and feels confident they both have support thru friends and family to discuss any problems that may occur. Heather and Brianna belong to many subsystems within their own family. They both belong to an only child subsystem, a female subsystem and a parent child subsystem. There are larger systems this family has meaningful contact with. These include Heathers work, Briannas daycare, the local health center and the gym. These subsystems all contribute in some way to the health and well being of this family (Wright and Leahey, 2000). As a single mother Heather encompasses the traditional gender roles of both male and female. This involves child-rearing and nurturing as well as financial and disciplining roles. The Smiths moved to the city a year ago hoping to improve choices and opportunities for themselves. Heather works 20 hours a week in a hotel and Brianna is in subsidized daycare 25 hours a week. They live in a large renter house and have a large dog for security. With one income and increased cost of living in the city, the Smiths remain in a lower socioeconomic class. Heather hopes to attend university in the future, but accepts it will be a struggle to meet the rising costs of housing, education and travel for herself and Brianna as a single parent family. Heather expressed no religious or spiritual beliefs that she and Brianna maintain. Developmental Category The focus of this category is on the developmental life cycle stages of the family including the emotional process and changes within family roles (Wright and Leahey, 2000). The Smiths are presently in stage three of the family life cycle, which focuses on families with young children (Santrock, 1997). However, this is relevant to a middle class North American family and assumes there are two parents. The CFAM does not clearly define a life cycle for a single parent family. This model fails to consider differing lifestyles, cultures, population and economics that may affect a family. This highlights a possible need for an updated model that can be adapted to any family situation. There are six stages in this developmental framework. Theses include leaving home, marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, entries and exits from family system and families in later life. Within each stage there are specific tasks the family undertakes. At stage three these are, making space for children, joining in household tasks and activities and involving extended family in parenting and grand parenting roles (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Heathers life changed considerably after the birth of her daughter. She adjusted her life to meet the responsibilities and needs of parenthood. Briannas father found the adjustment in lifestyle difficult resulting in their separation. Heather continues to provide for Brianna thru parenting, financial support and performing household tasks. Briannas father pays weekly payments that are included in Heathers income. Both parents, contribute to Briannas development as a person. Extended family members provide emotional support and some financial support to Heather and Brianna. Heather feels she has a closer bond with her parents and grandparents now. She encourages Briannas involvement with her father. This has involved a realignment of Heathers relationship with him to provide healthy role models for Brianna. Brianna spends more time with her mother, thus they have a stronger relationship then she does with her father who is under involved with Brianna at present. Heather hopes this will improve. Functional Category Functional assessment focuses on interaction and communication among family members. Two main aspects are instrumental and expressive functioning. Instrumental functioning refers to the routine activities of daily living (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Much of this is attended to by Heather. As Briannas main care giver she is responsible for ensuring her own and her daughters food, hygiene and sleep requirements are met. If Heather is working or unwell she ensures Briannas instrumental needs are met by a friend or extended family member. She encourages Briannas independence with her own self care such as brushing her teeth with a little help, to remove some pressures of being a solo parent. Expressive functioning focuses on patterns of interaction among family members through various means of communication (Wright and Leahey,2000). Heather stated she feels able to express her feelings with Brianna. This was helped by a parenting course and anger management where Heather learnt new ways of expressing her emotions. They showed Heather the impact of circular communication patterns and how they influence relationships. She now uses therapeutic communication skills such as time out and eye contact with Brianna. Use of nonverbal communication was evident throughout the interview. Brianna would watch her mothers body language and facial cues for approval. If Brianna wanted attention she used a combination of touch, speech and eye contact with Heather. The Smiths expressed effective problem solving techniques. Heather discusses any problems with a close friend. For further support or advise she approaches teachers at Briannas daycare, her family, doctor or public health nurse. A possible cause is identified and a plan of action implemented. Heather and her friend later evaluate the situation and seek more help if necessary. Heather stated she finds this effective and this removes some of the pressure of being a the main care giver and a first time parent. As a single parent Heathers role extends beyond being a mother. She appreciates the influence her role may have on Brianna and encourages the relationship with her father and extended family so she can experience a variety of social influences. Since third move to the city, Heather feels the parent child bond with Brianna has strengthened. This is expressed through showing affection, verbally and non verbally as well as with praise for each other. This bond is likely to be stronger as they share a mother child bond and live together away from extended family. Heather uses mostly traditional medicine and trusts the advice of her doctor and public health nurse. Having community Based services and easy access to health services for Brianna and herself makes this the perfect option. Heather occasionally uses alternatives from a health shop for herself, but finds this way to expensive and as a result her choice is limited. Family Strengths Support Systems Supportive relationships and adequate social networks are beneficial to health and well being. This is highly relevant to the Smiths who have a wide network of friends, extended family and social agencies. Friends and family provide emotional and sometimes financial support. Briannas daycare encourages her educational development and gives Heather the opportunity to work. They also help Heather with parenting education and nutritional advice. The local medical center attends to the Smiths physical needs and offers education and advice on health issues such as smoking. All of these support systems contribute to the health and well being of the Smith family. Communication It was evident from the expressive functioning category of the CFAm that the smiths use a variety of communication skills. This is important due to the developmental age of Brianna who may express feelings and emotions in different ways to a grown child or adult. Heather attended a parenting course that aided communication skills to improve their relationship. These skills assisted Heather in completing and anger management course. Heather is now more able and confident in expressing her familys health needs and requirements to benefit them both. Nutrition Eating habits based on moderation and variety can help maintain and improve a persons health. Heather values the importance of nutrition through er own reading, information from Briannas daycare and the public health nurse. She ensures Brianna has protein and calcium to assist her growth and carbohydrates for fibre and energy. They eat regular servings of fresh fruits and vegetable. Heather is aware of the high incidence of osteoporosis and iron deficiency in women and has increased her intake of calcium and red meat to account for this. It is hoped healthy eating in childhood will help Brianna make healthy choices when she grows up and is living on her own. Weaknesses Smoking Heather has smoked for seven years. She finds it comforting and it helps to relieve stress. Studies have shown people in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to smoke then those of high social class. Heather is aware of the financial and health consequences of smoking and hopes to give it up in the near future with the help of the nicotine patches available at a reduced cost due to her insurance plan from work. Knowing the harmful effects of passive smoking on Brianna and her own health, Heather is determined to give up this unhealthy and expensive habit. Financial The smiths are in a lower socioeconomic class due to their reliance on social services for help with living costs. Although Heather works part time she loses some of her accommodation supplement as a result and has to pay part of Briannas daycare costs. Their move to the city has meant increased housing costs and the cost of education for Brianna greater, making their choices limited. Community Resource The Elspeth Reid Family Resource Center (ERFRC) is an important community resource for the smith family. The center offers, parenting classes, 2 hours of free day care and a thrift store and many other services for families of all different types. They provide family support, early childhood education and care, family counseling and parenting education. Brianna attends daycare five days a week while Heather is at work. This is run by two registered teachers and to teaching assistants. This community resource contributes to the health and well being of the Smiths by providing education that encourages a healthy lifestyle, incorporating physical, mental and social aspects of health. Critical Social Theory Critical social theory was developed in the 1920s by a number of philosophers, at the Frankfurt School in Germany (Boychuck Duchscher, 1999). This theory provides a philosophical framework that aims to liberate individuals to see the conditions in society that constrain their participation in social interaction. It has been identified that there are three practical elements of critical social theory, which are enlightenment, empowerment and emancipation. These elements are useful for nursing practice as a pragmatic approach is required. The theory suggests critical social theory can only be achieved when all three elements are completed. Enlightenment involves encouraging individuals to recognize social conditions and constraints that can influence their social reality (Boychuck Duchscher, 1999). The Smiths have utilized the information on nutrition, parenting and safety. This education has encouraged them to acknowledge the importance of physical, emotional and social factors on their health and well being. Accessing and analyzing this information is the first step towards empowerment. Through critical examination of their reality the Smiths can empower themselves to make lifestyle changes that influence their health outcomes. Heather recognized the need for enlightenment on parenting and communication. Now she has the information and support, she is able to make changes that benefit her family and can move towards emancipation. Emancipation is aimed at freedom from oppression that influences peoples lives. Through the process of enlightenment and empowerment the responsibility in relation to their health needs. They have actively made changes to improve their nutrition and communication, thus influencing their health and well being. Calgary Family Intervention Model The CFAMs counterpart, CFIM provides a model for intervention after the family assessment has occurred. In this model, an intervention is described as action or activity a health car provider performs for or with a patent of family with the intent of causing a change (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Change in this respect, mans an alteration or support of behavior that promotes the ability to provide care for a family member. Each intervention in the model is used to produce changes in the family in the way they think, feel and respond (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Types of interventions used in working with families include: 1. Commending strengths of the family or individual members. 2. Providing information and education. 3. Validating emotions. 4. Allowing them to share the experience of the illness. 5. Encouraging family support. 6. Encouraging members to provide care for the patient. 7. Encouraging respite or relief from car responsibilities when needed and 8. Maintaining family rituals (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Nursing Diagnosis 1. Potential for Social Isolation Related to Care giver stress as evidenced by decreased financial ability to arrange for alternate childcare and distance from family. 2. Increasing utilization of family and community resources. Interventions This family seems to function more in the Behavioral domain of family functioning because Heather likes to do things and get out and acquire information that may help her in one way or another There are many possible interventions for the nursing diagnosis of Potential for social Isolation. Some interventions include informing Heather of some community activities such as the WIN program where she can meet other parents and child care is provided for the duration of the meeting this could also help with financial aspect too because the WIN program offers a small monthly allowance for groceries or what ever its needed for. Encourage Heather to socialize with coworkers at work and arrange a night out every couple of weeks or so. Encourage family visitations and participation in childcare more often. There are also several interventions for the diagnosis of Increasing utilization of family and community resources. They include suggesting ways to conserve resources or to expand resources through sharing with other families or bartering time and resources. Also by discussing community resources with family to help them know what is available and how to use them, the WIN program could also come into play here. Interceptive Questions How you ask questions during the interview are extremely important because you dont want to lead the person on, so using a variety of questions to help you get the information you need is usual a good way of getting accurate information. So examples of different types of questions are as follows: Difference Question 1. Whos the best in your family to come to your aid when you need it? 2. When you were first divorced and a now a single parent what did members of you family do to help make things easier on you. Behavioral Effect Question 1. What do you do when your ex-husband is either late picking up or dropping off Brianna? 2. How often do you go out with friends and who watches Brianna? Hypothetical/future-oriented Question 1. When do you think Brianna will start asking questions about your divorce? And what will you tell her? 2. Do you think that Brianna will blame herself for the divorce? If yes how will you deal with it? Triadic Question 1. If Briannas father were willing to take her more often then once a month do you think Brianna would want that? 2. What do you think Briannas father needs to do, in order to be more involved in Briannas life? Conclusion. The increasing importance of family nursing incorporating the use of an assessment and intervention framework has been identified. The Calgary Family Assessment Model and the Calgary Family Intervention Model was used to describe all the different components of the Smith Family. These components acknowledged the extended family, subsystems, larger systems this family has contact with as well as interventions aimed at helping the family improve the quality of their lives if even only a little. Their lower socioeconomic status and struggles as a single parent family were described in relation to their developmental life cycle stage, although the CFAM does not clearly define an appropriate cycle for this family. The Smiths used a variety of communication skills to interact with each other and these skills assist in the expression of feelings and problem solving withing the family. The Smiths support systems, communication skills and nutrition were identified as strengths in relation to meeting their health needs. Smoking and finances were noted as possible weaknesses and interventions were addressed at these problems. Briannas daycare was recognized as an important community resource for this family through its provision of support and education for Heather. The nursess role is relevant in family assessment to identify the need for educator, support and enlightenment on the effects of social influences on health. As identified with the Smiths, critical social theory is an important tool for nurses in recognizing, supporting and improving the health of families. Bibliography : References Boychuk Duchscher, J. E. (1999). Catching the wave: Understanding the concept of critical thinking. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(3), 577-583 Hatrick, G. (1998). A critical pedagogy for family nursing, Journal of Nursing Education, 37(2), 80-84. Martin-Arafeh, J. M. , Watson, C. L, Mcmurtry Baird, S. (1999). Promoting Family-Centered Care in High Risk Pregnancy The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing 13(1), 27-42 Santrock, J. W. (1997). Life-span development (6th ed. ). USA: Brown Benchmark. World Health Organization. (1986). Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Canada: World Health Organization. Wright, L. , Leahey, M. (2000). Nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and interventions (3rd ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. The Families Assessment in Nursing Essay Example The Families Assessment in Nursing Paper Increasingly nursing is recognizing the significance of the family to the health and well being of individual family members (wright Leahey, 2000). Hatrick (1998) suggests family nursing in undergraduate nursing education will provide nurses with theoretical and practical skills to work effectively with families. This paper will demonstrate the assessment of one family using the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) as well as the Calgary Family Intervention Model (CFIM). The CFAM will provide information on the structural, developmental and functional components of the family. The familys strengths and weaknesses are identified, and the role of a community resource in this familys life is described. This discussion will demonstrate the relationship these concepts have on health and nursing in the family. All member of the family interviewed for this assignment agreed to participate but their names have been changed to ensure confidentiality. The Calgary Family Assessment Model The CFAM is an integrated conceptual framework developed by Wright and Leahey for use when interviewing and making assessment of families. The CFAM consists of three major categories: structural, developmental and functional. Each category contains its own subcategories that may be relevant or appropriate depending on the family being assessed. This assessment focuses on the interaction among all of the individuals withing a family. Structural Category Structural assessment aims to identify who is in the family, relationships among family member and those outside the family, and the familys context. (Wright and Leahey, 2000). The Smith family is a white single parent family consisting of Heather and her two year old daughter Brianna. Briannas father has not lived with them for a year and a half and currently lives two hours away, as do Heathers family. Brianna has weekly contact on the phone with her father and stays with him one weekend a month. We will write a custom essay sample on The Families Assessment in Nursing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Families Assessment in Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Families Assessment in Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Heathers parents divorced when she was thirteen. Her father has remarried and has three daughters from his second marriage. There is no rivalry between Heather and her half-sisters. Heathers mother and elderly grand-parents have weekly contact with the Smiths and are readily available to them both. Support may be financial, emotional or help with childcare. Heather described the relationship with her grandparents as very special. Heather sets the family boundaries at present and feels confident they both have support thru friends and family to discuss any problems that may occur. Heather and Brianna belong to many subsystems within their own family. They both belong to an only child subsystem, a female subsystem and a parent child subsystem. There are larger systems this family has meaningful contact with. These include Heathers work, Briannas daycare, the local health center and the gym. These subsystems all contribute in some way to the health and well being of this family (Wright and Leahey, 2000). As a single mother Heather encompasses the traditional gender roles of both male and female. This involves child-rearing and nurturing as well as financial and disciplining roles. The Smiths moved to the city a year ago hoping to improve choices and opportunities for themselves. Heather works 20 hours a week in a hotel and Brianna is in subsidized daycare 25 hours a week. They live in a large renter house and have a large dog for security. With one income and increased cost of living in the city, the Smiths remain in a lower socioeconomic class. Heather hopes to attend university in the future, but accepts it will be a struggle to meet the rising costs of housing, education and travel for herself and Brianna as a single parent family. Heather expressed no religious or spiritual beliefs that she and Brianna maintain. Developmental Category The focus of this category is on the developmental life cycle stages of the family including the emotional process and changes within family roles (Wright and Leahey, 2000). The Smiths are presently in stage three of the family life cycle, which focuses on families with young children (Santrock, 1997). However, this is relevant to a middle class North American family and assumes there are two parents. The CFAM does not clearly define a life cycle for a single parent family. This model fails to consider differing lifestyles, cultures, population and economics that may affect a family. This highlights a possible need for an updated model that can be adapted to any family situation. There are six stages in this developmental framework. Theses include leaving home, marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, entries and exits from family system and families in later life. Within each stage there are specific tasks the family undertakes. At stage three these are, making space for children, joining in household tasks and activities and involving extended family in parenting and grand parenting roles (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Heathers life changed considerably after the birth of her daughter. She adjusted her life to meet the responsibilities and needs of parenthood. Briannas father found the adjustment in lifestyle difficult resulting in their separation. Heather continues to provide for Brianna thru parenting, financial support and performing household tasks. Briannas father pays weekly payments that are included in Heathers income. Both parents, contribute to Briannas development as a person. Extended family members provide emotional support and some financial support to Heather and Brianna. Heather feels she has a closer bond with her parents and grandparents now. She encourages Briannas involvement with her father. This has involved a realignment of Heathers relationship with him to provide healthy role models for Brianna. Brianna spends more time with her mother, thus they have a stronger relationship then she does with her father who is under involved with Brianna at present. Heather hopes this will improve. Functional Category Functional assessment focuses on interaction and communication among family members. Two main aspects are instrumental and expressive functioning. Instrumental functioning refers to the routine activities of daily living (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Much of this is attended to by Heather. As Briannas main care giver she is responsible for ensuring her own and her daughters food, hygiene and sleep requirements are met. If Heather is working or unwell she ensures Briannas instrumental needs are met by a friend or extended family member. She encourages Briannas independence with her own self care such as brushing her teeth with a little help, to remove some pressures of being a solo parent. Expressive functioning focuses on patterns of interaction among family members through various means of communication (Wright and Leahey,2000). Heather stated she feels able to express her feelings with Brianna. This was helped by a parenting course and anger management where Heather learnt new ways of expressing her emotions. They showed Heather the impact of circular communication patterns and how they influence relationships. She now uses therapeutic communication skills such as time out and eye contact with Brianna. Use of nonverbal communication was evident throughout the interview. Brianna would watch her mothers body language and facial cues for approval. If Brianna wanted attention she used a combination of touch, speech and eye contact with Heather. The Smiths expressed effective problem solving techniques. Heather discusses any problems with a close friend. For further support or advise she approaches teachers at Briannas daycare, her family, doctor or public health nurse. A possible cause is identified and a plan of action implemented. Heather and her friend later evaluate the situation and seek more help if necessary. Heather stated she finds this effective and this removes some of the pressure of being a the main care giver and a first time parent. As a single parent Heathers role extends beyond being a mother. She appreciates the influence her role may have on Brianna and encourages the relationship with her father and extended family so she can experience a variety of social influences. Since third move to the city, Heather feels the parent child bond with Brianna has strengthened. This is expressed through showing affection, verbally and non verbally as well as with praise for each other. This bond is likely to be stronger as they share a mother child bond and live together away from extended family. Heather uses mostly traditional medicine and trusts the advice of her doctor and public health nurse. Having community Based services and easy access to health services for Brianna and herself makes this the perfect option. Heather occasionally uses alternatives from a health shop for herself, but finds this way to expensive and as a result her choice is limited. Family Strengths Support Systems Supportive relationships and adequate social networks are beneficial to health and well being. This is highly relevant to the Smiths who have a wide network of friends, extended family and social agencies. Friends and family provide emotional and sometimes financial support. Briannas daycare encourages her educational development and gives Heather the opportunity to work. They also help Heather with parenting education and nutritional advice. The local medical center attends to the Smiths physical needs and offers education and advice on health issues such as smoking. All of these support systems contribute to the health and well being of the Smith family. Communication It was evident from the expressive functioning category of the CFAm that the smiths use a variety of communication skills. This is important due to the developmental age of Brianna who may express feelings and emotions in different ways to a grown child or adult. Heather attended a parenting course that aided communication skills to improve their relationship. These skills assisted Heather in completing and anger management course. Heather is now more able and confident in expressing her familys health needs and requirements to benefit them both. References: Friedman, Marilyn M.  Family nursing: Theory and practice. McGraw-Hill/Appleton Lange, 1992. Morton, Patricia Gonce, et al.  Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2017. Potter, Patricia Ann.  Fundamentals of nursing. Vol. 1. Mosby Incorporated, 2001.

Study Abroad Essays - Student Exchange, , Term Papers

Study Abroad Learning new cultures is my favorite thing to do. I interact well with others and enjoy networking with new people. I have found that my ability to meet new people is a trait that makes every visit I have taken to different countries an enjoyable visit. I wish to participate in this program because it has always been a goal of mine to study abroad. By participating in this program I hope to learn another culture, make international contacts, and gain valuable international business skills. Within this program I assume that I will experience different points of views from the American professors who will be teaching. Along with these different points of views, the Italian culture and interacting with other American students will be experiences I could not other wise have. International business is becoming increas- ingly more important, and although I have received great education while in college, I am eager to par- ticipate in this program because the first-hand experiences I will have cannot be equaled here in America. As a sixth grader I participated in Children's International Summer Villages in Finland. While in Finland I stayed with a host family for a week and lived in a school with forty different delegates representing ten separate countries. It truly was the best time of my life. In addition to my visit to Finland I have visited Jamaica four times and also have traveled to the Caribbean Islands and Mexico. I am confident that I will succeed as a student, as an American representative, and as a tourist in this program because of my many travels abroad and strong desire to succeed. Acceptance Essays

Welcome Home essays

Welcome Home essays Nikki Yolande Giovanni is one of Americas most recent poets who gained fame as a writer during the 1060s. Nikki Giovanni, better known as the poet of the people wrote in hopes of influencing the Civil Rights Movement and the womens movement. Later on in her writing career, her areas of writing spread to politics and childrens books, allowing a greater audience to relate to what she had to say. Her African-American heritage has greatly influenced her writing, leading her to be one of the most widely read poets of today. She was not an author who wrote to entertain, but rather an author who wanted her voice to be heard. Before Nikkis birth, Nikkis family had to flee their home in Albany, Georgia to Knoxville, Tennessee in order to flee persecution by whites because of something her grandmother had said. She went to school in a segregated school for girls. Nikki played small roles in the Civil Rights Movement by doing small things as marching with other blacks to protest a recent hate crime. In reading Nikki Giovanni's, Love Poems, I felt that she has been tricked or mistreated with men in her lifetime. But on the other hand, I believe she was also in love. Her poems inspire young people to watch who they are dating and what could happen while being with someone special. Giovanni talks about things that could lead up to sexual intercourse, also. However, men in her life may have cheated and lied to her. In addition, maybe she was deeply in love with a man that just did not treat her like a woman. In one way or another, Giovanni is smart, straight to the point and has emotionally candid poems. But she turns somber and reflective as she expresses the love at a daughter and mother, and how a woman's deep down love for a man that far outlasts the giddy romp of romance. Donna Seaman from Booklist states, "Giovanni is one of ...

Florida Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Florida - Research Paper Example The hottest temperature (43 C) occurred on June 29, 1931 in Monticello1, while the coldest occurred on February 13, 1899 25 miles away in Tallahassee1. Average temperatures for late July is between 32-35 C, whereas average temperatures for late January is between (4-7C) in northern Florida to averagely 13C in southern Florida1. In 2007, Florida's population was 18,251,2434. The population increases by 321, 647 or 1.8% from 2005. Florida is expanding by an average of 26,803 every month, 6700 every week and 975 on a daily basis5. Additionally, Florida is the third-fastest-growing state5. However, in 2000 the Germans possesses 11.8% of Florida's population, the Irish 10.3%, the English 9.2%, the Americans 8%, the Italian 6.3%, the French 2.8%, the Polish 2.7% and the Scottish 1.8%6. In 2000 76.91% of the residents age 5 and older only spoke English at home as their primary language; whereas 16.46% spoke Spanish and French-based creole languages was communicated between 1.38% of the population7. Moreover, French was spoken by 0.83%, G3erman by 0.59% and Italian at 0.44% of all residents7. The public education system of Florida researched that over 200 first languages other than English is spoken in the homes of students. Religion The main religion is Christian (81% of the population), followed by Jewish (4%) and 1% believe in other religions while 14% are non-religious1. Economy The GDP of Florida reached $713.5 billion in 2006, making it the fourth largest economy in the United States8. Personal income arrived at $36,665, thus ranking the 20th9. This is largely created by high tourism levels. Warm weather and many beaches draw about 60 million tourists every year1. The second largest industry is created by agriculture; especially due to producing citrus fruit. In fact it produces 67% of all citrus in the US in 200610. The third largest industry is formed by phosphate mining. It produces 75% of phosphate required by farmers in United States and 25% of the world supply11. Opa-locka Opa-locka is a 4.5 square miles12 city resided in Miami-Dade County, Florida. 4.3 square miles of it is land while 0.1 square miles is water12. Moreover, the population in 2000 reached 14,951 and has increased to 15, 327 in 200413. The city was developed by Glenn Curtis and the name "Opa-locka" is a contraction of "Opa-tisha-woka-locka", which means "The high land north of the little river on which there is a camping place"14. Demographics In 2000 there were 14,951 people, 4890 households and 3,437 families living in the city15. The city contains of 22.83% White (3.1% Non-Hispanic Whites), 69.64% Black or African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.6% other races and 3.35% from two or more races16. Out of the 4890 households, 41.2% of them had children under the age of 18 residing with them, 28.4% were married couples living together, 35.2% were female householder with no husband and 29.7% had no families1. Regularly, the household size was 2.97, whereas the average family size was 3.521. The total population is constructed of 34.6% under the age of 18, 12.3% from the age of 18 until 24, 26.8% from the age of 25 until 44, 17,7% were between 45 and 64 years of age

Political Campaigns and the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Campaigns and the Internet - Essay Example â€Å"Americans spend more time surfing the internet than anyone else in the world, with users clocking up an average of nearly 28 hours a month.† (Paris, 2011). The access time spent on the internet by the American people has caught special attention of campaign planners for political parties and they are now focusing more carefully on website designing, blog generations, personalize emails and podcasts. Social networking sites are also getting more and more attention of these planners because social networking can target specific groups very easily for the fundraising, campaign and convincing. The Presidency election of 2008 had given birth to new domains in internet driven political campaigns and fundraising activities. The emergence of internet as a new medium of communication and campaign has changed the way political activities were supposed to be planned and carried out in the past. The ‘Change’ slogan was undoubtedly applied forcefully to the use of intern et at the largest scale in the campaign of the President Obama in 2008. â€Å"One of the many ways that the election of Barack Obama as president has echoed that of John F. Kennedy is his use of a new medium that will forever change politics. For Mr. Kennedy, it was television. For Mr. Obama, it is the Internet.† (Cain, 2008). The use of internet is beneficial for both the political parties and the audiences and political campaigns are now moving towards the ‘paperless campaign’ arena where there will be not broachers, pamphlets. Sooner or later these and many other conventional mean of political campaigns will turn into obsolete techniques and fast pace of information communication will also take over the political campaigns as well. The use of internet is specially beneficial because it has reduced the campaign costs dramatically. Internet when compared to other advertising mediums and technique is not only affordable for low budgeted campaigns but also very ef fective and amazingly fast technology. â€Å"The internet is a high-return, low-cost means of dispensing information. Campaigns can establish an internet presence for a very modest amount, compared to the costs of many other forms of advertising.† (Trent, 2008). The audiences of political campaigns are now better off with the introduction of internet and electronic media in campaigns. The can directly read the written policy statements and agendas of political parties and their leaders. Additionally, audience can easily compare and contrast these policies with those of other candidates in the same constituency. The can get the latest new and updates in a fraction of second without time consuming political gatherings and meetings. Today’s voter or prospect supporter is busier than ever before and the political campaigns consultants are aware of the limitations of their target audiences. They facilitate their voters with personalize emails for all political update, party stance, voting regulation changes, polling station details and many other information that may save their time and avoid any botheration. The fund-raising is far easier and rewarding through internet then conventional letters and television campaigns. Those expensive and time consuming fund raising campaigns are now replaced with the personalized emails sent to targeted political

For one more day by Mitch Albom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For one more day by Mitch Albom - Research Paper Example Charley’s mother Posey had died some years ago though he wished to spend additional time with his mother. According to the book, the love between a child and his mother is strong because it can save a child. The major theme of the story is family because it reflects occurrences in many families today as evident in themes, viewpoints, and characters. Character The main characters of the book are Charley’s family members. Charley is the storyteller and the major character of the story. The story reveals pertinent concerns focusing on the relationships between children and their parents in the current society (Albon 2). Most male children like to be associated with their fathers though they have difficult relationships with them. Charley always sided with his father. He always wanted his father’s approval though he was always hard on him. He made Charley believe that he was never good enough. This made him try hard with the intent of affirming his worth. This happen ed in his childhood and adulthood when he was at the Old Timers baseball team. Charley’s father in the novel represents the fathers who live their dreams through their children. It is true that parents like to achieve their targets through their children by forcing them to do what they do not like. Charlie’s father wanted him to realize his vision of playing baseball. He bullied his son though he was growing up. This is shown when the father ordered him to leave his mother’s birthday party for a baseball game. He told Charley that he should choose either his mother or him. The father told him that he could not choose both. Charley discovered later that his father was a hypocrite who led a double life. This is because his father has a second alcohol store, a second wife, and another child (Albom 17). Charley’s relationship with his mother in the novel shows that mothers support their children though they tend to make serious mistakes. His mother always mad e him realize that he should return to his life. Charlie discovered that his mother was considerate compared to his father. This was evident when Charlie told his mother that he made a wrong mistake when they visited the Italian wife. He told his mother that he loved and admired her. Charlie thought that he should have chosen his mother over his father. However, his mother opposed by indicating that it was not his culpable because he never had a chance to choose. She knew that his son was confused throughout his life because he failed to acknowledge whether to support his mother or to please his father. She also knew that his son was pressured by his father to choose him as his role model (Albom 43). Charlie’s relationship with his daughter was also poor because he felt guilty for neglecting his mother making him an alcoholic. His wife left him because of this habit. This shows that a child’s life is immensely affected by his parents’ behaviors. Charlie had prob lems with his wife and daughter because of the effects of his relationship with his parents. He never saw his daughter after his wife left him. His daughter got married but he was not invited to the wedding. This made Charlie to feel so lonely that he wanted to kill himself. During their meeting, Charlie’s mother helped him realize that he should reclaim his relationship with his daughter (O’Hara 1). Setting The novel is set in a fictitious village where Charlie had created good and bad

Opposing Models and Approaches to Care of the Elderly

Opposing Models and Approaches to Care of the Elderly Maria Theresa O. Seguerra INTRODUCTION: The proper practice in care is not just about having to do things well or having the adequate knowledge, it also involves showing good moral and attitude towards people. The best way to determine that you have given out the suitable care is putting yourself in the other person’s shoe. The right way to social care is to always involve a good value base (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2014). In this paper, we are tasked to weigh the pros and drawbacks of the theories and principles that concerns the person- centred approach to care for people suffering with dementia and other health conditions for the elderlies. The Task Question 1 Person- centred approach This type of approach directly addresses the person as a single and unique individual rather than looking through them generally or perhaps treating them straight with regards to their disease condition. This method targets to care for the person with dementia as an individual with uniqueness, interests and needs rather than aiming to treat their illnesses or disabilities that they are currently suffering. Instead of focusing on their disease symptoms, this approach considers the person as a whole and is cared for holistically. There are eight (8) approaches that cover this type of approach, the following are: Individuality Every person is unique from one another. A person suffering from dementia is stereo-typed as an individual who has lost his independence and conformity to society thus he is not handled as someone who still possess his own right to distinctiveness and dignity. It should be the case that people need to understand that these ones must be given value and respect as an individual despite having mental impairment. To be able to care for these clients, accurate and in- depth history of the client’s needs and preferences should be noted. These information should be sorted out well enough by the health care providers and handed over in a very precise manner to the caregivers so as to bring about the best care as what their loved ones have expected. Rights Although demented people have slowly diminished sense of personal identity, their personal rights have been gradually eroded too. However, even if these have occurred in them, their personal character, morals and values still retain. We can see that these people have lost their critical thinking, comprehension and judgment the reason why many of their rights have been violated and abused by the people around them. In order to protect the clients, especially those who are confined in aged care facilities, they always have the power of attorney. The power of attorney is a written document that the client has given to another person to take charge or to represent in behalf of the client’s personal affairs and other legal matters against the wishes of the others (Citizens Advice Bureau NZ, 2014). In order to give these people the care that they deserve, those who are included in the care must have an environment conducive for demented people, for them to be able to understand more of their sentiments, and interests. Also, an environment which is secure and safe because protection is always the priority for them. Choice Health care providers especially those ones who are involved directly with the care of people with dementia must not assume that they are not capable enough to make their own decisions. They should however, must be assisted in deciding with their daily preferences and needs. Good collaboration with them enhances their chance to regain independence and self- worth. To be able to create the plan of care to these clients, early detection of dementia is ideal for the healthcare providers to be able give them choices and plan out a comprehensive person- centred approach of care. Privacy This principle is very significant to every individual, in general. This should be uphold and encouraged. Issues pertaining to privacy and confidentiality must be dealt with accordingly, thus during staff meetings and inductions it should be emphasized that privacy and confidentiality of the clients must be maintained. Moreover, simple measures must be done especially in giving them their personal spaces and time. These simple approaches conceal huge impact to the clients daily living. Independence As dementia progresses, an individual’s capabilities of doing his own activities of daily living diminishes. It is not that they cannot carry out the activities anymore, it is just that they usually forget what they are supposed to do. The main reason why they need guidance and assistance most of the time and not imposing on them. When the caregivers enact things according to their wants just to get their work done in a fast manner, they are trying to take away the client’s freedom and independence. Dignity People with dementia should be handled with utmost respect. Always remember the person they used to be and dementia itself only should be the second of the priorities. In that way, when the healthcare providers use that awareness to make decisions about their care and their daily routine is one way of maintaining the patient’s dignity (A Place for Mom, 2015). Always take into consideration that the person with dementia has no control of their judgment, memory and communication anymore. Therefore it is our duty to make modifications so as to help them direct their needs. Respect Dementia is seen as a slow deterioration of an individual’s personality until there is nothing left of that person and still, that person carries on. It is always a rule of thumb to maintain that much needed respect they need and in order to do so, staff should lessen embarrassment to the patient and focus on their optimistic attributes. Also, it is important to validate a person’s sense of self and self- worth (Victoria, 2014). Autonomy Clients suffering from dementia still has the capacity to make even small decisions. Although they are incapable of comprehending and deciding complicated tasks but still they deserve to be respected well. A patient’s autonomy should be respected even if the client is against the health care provider’s recommendation. This has helped develop cooperation and collaboration in making health related decisions (University of Miami Ethics Program, 2015). Question 2 Non- person- centred approach This method is aimed in looking at the individual rather than viewing the person holistically. There are two perspectives in this approach, these are: Institution perspective This type of perspective is directed to the establishments and facilities which focus on the care of elderly patients. Such establishments are those retirement villages, rest homes, nursing homes. The care plans made in this type of perspective are based on the institution’s policies and goals. Bio Medical perspective This perspective is based on the thought that human development is based on reason and rationality. In this model, it is believed that science and technology can improve human health. There are six assumptions in this perspective. First and foremost, that mind and body can be cured independently. Second, the body is like a machine that when it breaks down it can still be repaired. Third, that medicine should develop a more advanced solution to the health problems. Fourth, biomedicine focuses on the biological aspect of the disease process not considering the psychological and social issues. Fifth, it is said that every disease has its own etiology and lastly, medicine is the only way through understanding the disease and illness process (Cantley, 2001). Question 3 Reality- orientation approach This method follows a view point of in- patient treatment for minimizing confusion in geriatric patients. In this philosophy, it is said that confusion comes from: Under- stimulation of the patient. Care providers’ absence of persuasion or anticipation that the client perform his normal behaviour. Care givers’ no reinforcement of expected behaviours when the behaviours are performed (Taulbee and Folsom; Folsom, 1968). Validation approach This approach uses interaction of patients in the later stage of Alzheimer’s. This method aims to understand and feel for the needs of the person that he is trying to express. So, the concept of validation approach is the thought that people suffering with dementia say and reason out things with a purpose, and validating what they say and do is a way of boosting them to communicate openly and expressively with others (Pekker, 2011). Reminiscence techniques This technique includes the discussion of activities, events and experiences in the past with a group, usually with the help of noticeable and familiar things from the past. The participants, in this technique, are encouraged to express about past experiences at least once weekly. Also, there is also a life review that involves a one on one session in which the individual is led chronologically with his life experiences and encouraged to assess them and sometimes they may be able to make a life story book. This approach is said to be one of the used interventions in the care of patients with dementia and is highly rated by participants because it has evidently improved the mood and cognition of the clients. Assistive technologies This refers to any equipment, products or items used in helping to improve or maintain the capabilities of demented people most especially with their functional abilities, cognition and communication. This is beneficial to both parties, the carers and the demented client, as the job would be made easier and safer, easier and more person- centred. Holistic approach Clients with dementia may have benefitted from medication treatment, this approach believe that all individuals benefit from this type of method to care. There are four pillars in this approach, and these are: Environmental There are environmental factors that triggers and enhances reactions and behaviours for the demented person. By accurately assessing these factors and eliminating those hazards, health care providers can reduce agitation, irritability, anxiety and maintain an environment conducive for living. Communication It is important for caregivers in caring or dementia people to use effective communication methods because in this way reduction in agitation and frustration from the clients may result if and when you talk to them in a manner that is comforting. Dementia care communication can be verbal or non- verbal and knowing the difference impacts greatly as the demented individual can be affected either positively or negatively by words and body language. Nutritional Giving the client the appropriate nutritional needs can affect your care to them. Foods rich in fibre supports digestive health and bowel movement, increase fluid intake can support hydration needs. Thus, it is evident that diet holds an important role in maintaining the old person’s well- being and health. QUESTION 4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION Demented people would require needed help and support in the long run especially when the illness has advanced to a higher level. They may not be able to express their thoughts and insights about their care. However, many organizations may it be publicly or privately- owned support them by providing good awareness and advocacy services. For example, for those clients who prefer to stay in their homes can still be supported through the elder care locator wherein they can freely choose the caregiver they want to care for them that lives nearby. Also, Alzheimer’s Association 24/7 Hotline where all questions by the client, loved ones, friends and family are being answered and explained to them in a way that can easily be understood. This can be accessed 24/7 at any time of the day. Lastly, the Alzheimer’s Association is another organization for those elderlies who wish to stay in a care facilities. This type of association gives a thorough explanation and choices of care fa cilities and its location that suits the elderly clients. ATTITUDES TO HEALTH AND DEMAND FOR HEALTHCARE The young generation of today are surveyed to be afraid of aging and getting old most especially when they think about suffering from dementia because of the society’s stigma that they may face in the future. However, the aging process is inevitable and there is nothing that can be done to turn back time. Dementia is bound to be one of the add-ons when growing old and the young nurses these today are predestined to care for this aging population however, it will be a lot easier for them to do this because of the many organizations that support the Alzheimer’s community. They help and direct them towards the progress of the clients’ well- being and health. Therefore, it is right to give the elderlies with utmost respect and dignity regardless of race and condition. References A Place for Mom. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.aplaceformom.com/senior-care-resources/articles/dementia-dignity Cantley, C. (2001). A Handbook of Dementia Care. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. Net industries. (2015). Retrieved from Medicine encyclopedia: http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1448/Reality-Orientation.html Pekker, M. (2011, November 9th). Blogger corporation. Retrieved from Alzheimers review: http://alzheimers-review.blogspot.co.nz/2011/11/validation-approach-to-alzheimers.html Victoria, S. o. (2014, July 16). Department of Health, State of Victoria Australia. Retrieved from http://www.health.vic.gov.au/dementia/changes/personal-identity.htm Woods, B. S. (2005, April 18). PubMed. Retrieved from Cochrane Database Syst Rev: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846613

Determination of Factors Contributing to Success Essay

These factors will be uncovered by nalyzing the internal and external factors influencing strategic alliances and the phases through which these alliances evolve. In order to provide this research study with a practical element two case studies within the airline industry have been incorporated, namely the Swissair Qualiflyer Alliance and Star Alliance. These case studies represent a successful and an unsuccessful alliance, which are analyzed on a basis of the provided literature study, in this case the phases through which these evaluation of the case studies numerous supportive results were identified, ontributing toward establishing determinant factors, which emphasize the importance of a successful implementation of the different phases, however limitations affect the reliability of this study, due to the lack of evidence found in various different phases. Keywords: strategic alliances, internal and external factors, strategic alliance phases Introduction In past years a visible increase in the amount of strategic alliances, concerning firms with varying economic objectives, was observed (Das, Teng 2000). Strategic alliances are the â€Å"relatively enduring inter-firm cooperative arrangements, involving flows and inkages that utilize resources and/or governance structures from autonomous organizations, for the Joint accomplishment of individual goals linked to the corporate mission of each sponsoring firm† (Parkhe 1991, p. ). The amount of strategic alliances has recently doubled, predicting additional raise in the future (Booz, Allen, Hamilton 1997). Especially alliances in the form of non-equity based, which are defined as two or more firms developing a contractual-relationship in order to establish competitive advantage by combining resources and capabilities (Globerman 007), have increased in importance which is visible in non equity alliances accounting for 80 per cent (Hagedoorn 1996). Strategic alliances provide firms with the opportunity to recognize synergies through combining operations, such as in research and development, manufacturing etc (Aaker 1995; Addler 1966). The growth of strategic alliances is related to growing competition and globalization (Das, Teng 2000). This is in alignment with Doz and Hamels (1998) view which states that globalization as well as changes in economic activities is a consequence for the growth in strategic alliances, which is visible in various different industries Hagedoorn 1993). The primary reasons for the growth of the number of alliances is 1) the ability of cost savings in executing operations 2) the ability to access particular markets 3) the reducing of financial and political risk in addition to cheapest labor and production costs (Wheelen, Hungar 2000). A strategic alliance by definition is a hybrid organizational form which Jensen and Meckling (1991) refer to as a network organization. Harbison and Pekar (1998) highlight numerous common characteristics visible within strategic alliances, namely a required commitment of at least ten years, he connection of the partners is based on equity or on shared capabilities, a complementary relationship based on a shared strategy, increasing companies’ value in the market place, the pressuring of competitors and the willingness of sharing and leveraging core capabilities. Nevertheless, strategic alliances have noticeable high instability rates (Das, Teng 2000); furthermore, according to Kalmbach and Roussel (1999) the failure rates are approximately as high as 70 per cent. Studies conducted by Das and Teng (2000) reportedly state that encountered problems are witnessed in he first two years of two thirds of all alliances. This study is going to provide a more in-depth analysis on the factors that are necessary for determining success in all strategic alliances. Starting with an analysis of strategic alliances based on the as to which extent these factors play a crucial role in the determination of success rate of strategic alliances. In order to incorporate a practical view on the strategic alliances, this study will additionally implement two case studies to the analysis. Conceptual Model [pic] This conceptual model starts the literature study on strategic alliances as a central concept. From this central concept, emphasis is drawn on internal and external factors influencing strategic alliances, as well as on the different phases through which alliance evolve. Additionally, strategic alliances lead to either successful or unsuccessful alliances. Based on the research from Bronder and Pritzl (1992), Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001), Waddock (1989) and Wolhstetter, Smith and Malloy (2005), a framework of seven phases is established. Within these seven phases the most important activities and processes are analyzed, including reasoning behind strategic alliances, potential intensions for forming strategic alliances, partner election, external factors influencing the design of the strategic alliance, negotiation methods, followed by the structuring of the alliance. Furthermore, implementation and management of the strategic alliance is examined. Finally, the last two phases concerning the evaluation of the formation of strategic alliances and the termination of the partnership are discussed. Resulting from this literature study are two outcomes, namely a successful implementation of the phases and an unsuccessful implementation. In order to apply a practical element to this thesis, two case studies ill be analyzed, those of Qualiflyer, which turned out to be an unsuccessful alliance and Star Alliance, which was able to incorporate a success strategic alliance in the airline industry. After analyzing the cases the findings compared to the literature analysis, will hopefully correlate to each other and the determinants that influence more success in alliances can be established. Problem Statement Based on past literature research studys the outcomes of implementing strategic alliances as a change strategy in organizations is unfavorable, especially when looking at the failure rates. Nevertheless, the adoption of strategic alliances is a customary implemented firm strategy (Gulati 1998), as a means of securing their competitive position. Much research is conducted in order to provide more guidance in determining factors that achieve sustainable strategic alliances, therefore in this thesis the main research question is; What factors determine the success of strategic alliances? This research question will be addressed by the help of analyzing and answering these various sub-questions; Why do firms choose strategic alliances as a change process? What are the potential ntentions of a strategic alliance? activities and processes occur in which phase? Preview of the organization of the thesis This report begins by indicating the problem that strategic alliances are a favorable organizational change strategy in the business world today, however the failure rate is extremely high. Secondly, by applying literature analysis the main determinants influencing more success in strategic alliances will be uncovered, which will be coupled to the case study part of the thesis where the determinants will be compared to the specific cases. Finally, the thesis will conclude on the part if the eterminants uncovered in the literature study correlate to the findings in the case study. Methodology and Research Design In this thesis the methodology contained two specific approaches, including a literature study as well as evaluating two case studies. Firstly, the literature analysis was conducted; with as primary focus an in-depth analysis of academic articles. The findings of the literature study are compared to two case studies, those of the Qualiflyer alliance and Star Alliance. These two cases were chosen because they represent the different outcomes an alliance can hold, namely the successful mplementation the alliance strategy at Star Alliance and the unsuccessful outcome of an alliance strategy of the Qualiflyer alliance. In addition, even though these two examples vary substantially in size, which provides difficulty when comparing the two alliances, they both started off at reasonably the same size; therefore this thesis incorporated these two examples anyway. This evaluation will be conducted by means of desk research, exploring the different implementations of this strategy. The time frame of the case studies is from the first phase up until the last phase, through hich they evolved, in order to identify dependent unsuccessful and successful aspects. The significance of implementing case studies in this thesis is relating the findings from the literature analysis to real life cases of both a successful alliances as well as a non-successful alliance. Furthermore, comparing if the determinants of success found in the literature analysis correlate with the factors observed in the cases. Internal versus External factors Influencing Strategic Alliances Our internal tensions perspective framework (Figure 2, Appendices) of strategic alliances comprises three airs of competing forces-namely, cooperation versus competition, rigidity versus flexibility, and short-term versus long-term orientations (Das, Teng 2000). Competition is defined as pursuing one’s own interest at the expense of others, while cooperation is the pursuit of mutual interests and common benefits in alliances. This tension of cooperation versus competition is most salient in selecting alliance partners, the first of three major stages in the alliance making process, along with structuring and managing an alliance (Das, Teng 1997). In conclusion, the stability and success of trategic alliances will be inversely related to the difference between the cooperation level and the competition level. Rigidity refers to the characteristics of mutual to adapt, unencumbered by rigid arrangements. The dominance of either flexibility or rigidity may change the status quo and trigger the evolution of a new structure, which leads to unsuccessful alliances. Therefore, the stability of strategic alliances will be inversely related to the difference between the rigidity level and the flexibility level. Short-term orientation views strategic alliances as transitional in nature, with a emand for quick and tangible results, whereas long-term orientation regards alliances as at least semi permanent entities, so that more patience and commitment are exercised. A strategy that reflects only one temporal orientation is not compatible with the foundation for a sustainable strategic alliance, in other words the stability of strategic alliances will be inversely related to the difference between the short-term orientation and the long-term orientation. Furthermore, the three internal pairs of contradictory forces are interrelated within an evolving system, resulting in the ollowing propositions, namely that the levels of rigidity and cooperation will be positively related when the partners have a short-term orientation in strategic alliances. However, a negative relatedness at a high level of rigidity, cooperation and rigidity (Das, Teng 2000). will be negatively related when the partners have a long- term orientation in strategic alliances (Das, Teng 2000). According to Das and Teng (2000) the contradictions and tensions in these force-pairs may lead to an overthrow of the status quo namely, the strategic alliance. Strategic alliances can nevertheless e sustained and successful if a careful balance between these competing forces can be maintained. According to Todeva and Knoke (2005) external factors influence alliance formation, due to differing economic condition and organizational frameworks in partnering countries; these can include legal requirements, price controls, distribution channels and contract enforcement. Furthermore, these regulative state activities comprehend the freedom when firms are forming alliances. Moreover, the formation of an alliance necessitates the authorization of national governments. Additionally, of influence to the formation of alliances is the omplicated collection of relations visible with firms, such as business associations, local governments and elite universities. On an industrial note alliances are influenced on an interflrm basis by direct impacts, where the decision on which activities to internalize is based on severity of competition within the industry and the organization of ad hoc product markets, in the challenge for increased market share, the cooperation for specific advantages and the process of internationalization (Todeva, Knoke 2005) . The partner under consideration for the formation of an alliance is in a certain sense an external factor. Firms are susceptible in the case of partnering with a dominant firm (Pennings 1994), due to technical and economic rationales. Thus, technology is a specific part of the process to establishing organizational boundaries as well as intrinsic structures. Of importance to alliances is obtaining research and development advantages, which to certain extent differs across industries on terms of expenses and the sources provided by the government (Todeva, Knoke 2005). Every alliance design commences with negotiations, thereafter the phase of structuring the alliance in which various aspects are aligned, such as he objectives of both parties, organizational structures, functional operations and cultures (Ring, van de Ven 1994). The distinguishing of phases through which strategic alliances evolve plays an essential role in the development toward successful alliances, which according to Bronder and Pritzl (1992) evolves through the three stages, which are categorized as strategic decision, confguration of strategic alliance and partner selection. Where Bronder and Pritzl terminate their research on the establishment of phases other researchers continue in identifying essential phases, for the reason that partner election as final phase represents an incomplete evolution of strategic alliances. With regard to the research conducted by Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001), the identification of strategic alliance phases resulted in a five phase path through which strategic alliances evolve, namely strategic analysis and decision to cooperate, search for a partner, designing the partnership, implementation and management of the partnership and finally termination. When comparing both Bronder and Pritzls (1992) and Hoffman and Schlossers (2001) phases, a comparison is visible in the primary hases of strategic alliances, namely the strategic analysis and decision to cooperate (Hoffmann, Schlosser 2001) which corresponds with the strategic decision phase from Bronder and Pritzl (1992). Furthermore, the partner selection phase is visible in both frameworks on strategic alliance phase. The main difference between the two studies is the more detailed approach from Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001) also distinguishing phases after the partner selection process. Finally, a study building on Waddocks (1989) work, which suggests that strategic alliances progress through hree phases, which are identified as initiation, establishment and maturity, Wohlstetter, Smith and Malloy (2005) consistently debated that the strategic alliances process is organized into three similar phases namely initiation, operations and evaluation. When comparing these views with the earlier stated reasoning on strategic alliance phases merely a fguration is enabled as to which phases from Bronder and Pritzl (1992) and Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001) are in comparison with Wohlstetters et al (2005) view and could be placed within their views, for example the artner selection phase distinguished the above stated views is probably placed within the initiation phase identified by Wohlstetter et al. (2005). In order to provide this thesis with an in-depth view on the phases through which strategic alliances evolve a combination of the three above stated views is implemented. Phase 1: Strategic Decision According to Bronder and Pritzl (1992) a clarification of the firms’ position is to be analyzed, refer ably because this is identified as the first direction toward alliance formation. Pumpin (1987), states that the evaluation of the actual situation of the firm s identified by exploring its mission, possible values and core competencies. Additionally, the firm identifies the reasoning behind incorporating an alliance strategy. According to Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1996), Harrigan (1985), Link and Bauer (1989), Pisano (1991) and Teece (1992) technological change faced by firms is related to the favorability toward flexible organizational forms like alliances. Additionally, Ciborra (1991) and Oster (1992) state that high-tech industries, in which learning and flexibility are key characteristics, will preferably choose alliances, lexibility, firms favorably adopt a merger and acquisition strategy. The flexibility of strategic alliances is suitable as organizational structure due to the fast expiring of new knowledge and the lengthy learning time from partners (Eisenhardt, Schoonhoven, 1996; Hagedoorn 1993). Furthermore, these flexible organizational structures appear more effectively in uncertain environmental situations when adjusting to changes (Lawrence, Lorsch 1967; Pffeffer, Salancik 1978). In continuation of Powells (1996) view, Hagedoorn and Duysters (2002) predict that strategic alliance xperience positively contribute to choosing alliances as instrument for obtaining external innovative capabilities. This view is aligned with that of Kogut et al. (1992) and Gulati (1993) who accentuate the relationship between actual alliance formation and past alliances, however emphasize on a more social basis. Therefore, the formation of strategic alliances is dependent on both strategic as well as social factors. According to Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1996), an extension of the resource-based view provides a basis for examining the relationship through which alliances form by means of strategic and social resources. This research study contributed numerous outcomes on strategic alliances to existing literature, namely that increasingly challenging market conditions and Jeopardous organizational strategies result into an increase of alliance formations as an organizational change process. Additionally, of importance to the rate of formation of alliances are managerial characteristics, visible when large, experienced teams were implemented through previous employers, the rates of alliances increased (Eisenhardt, Schoonhoven 1996). In conclusion of their research Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven 1996) state that in cases of either a vulnerable strategic situations or a strong social situation the likelihood of the formation of strategic alliances increase. Phase 2: Initiation Phase The initiation phase is characterized by informal structures and communication channels as the critical issue is the development and understanding of the purpose for strategic alliances (Waddock 1989). According to Hitt et al. 1997), the potential intentions to be realized behind entering into strategic alliances are categorized into three market types 1) namely markets characterized by slow cycle, which adopt trategic alliances for original intentions such as the gaining of access to restricted markets, establishing franchises in a new market and maintaining market stability 2) in markets characterized by a standard cycle amongst the intentions able to be achieved are the gaining of market power and access to complementary resources, over coming trade barriers, gaining knowledge and learning about new business techniques 3) in the final market, the fast cycle, the achievable goals are the speeding up of the entry of new products and services in addition to new markets, maintaining he market leadership position, sharing the risky Research and Development expenses and overcoming uncertainty. Furthermore, several internal conditions drive the initiation phase including, a champion taking responsibility, complementary needs and assets, compatible goals and trust. According to Waddock (1989), the main responsibility of the champion is the guidance of the organization through the initiation phase, especially visible in the process of partner selection. Stated in the initiation phase is essential for identifying needs in addition to the process of partner selection. Complementary needs and assets appear in various different forms, however is one of the main reasons for partnering (Oliver 1990; Robertson 1998). Additionally, the main goal of partnering is achieving compatible goals among the partners, which might not have been achieved otherwise (Austin 2000; Das, Teng 1998; Kanter 1994; Oliver 1990; Robertson 1998; Spillett 1999). Finally, the initiation phase stands no chance without trust, which is mainly established through existing networks (Austin, 2000; Waddock 1989; Waide 1999), within these networks similar interests are the main characteristic. Phase 3: Partner Selection The purpose behind strategic alliance partnering is to initiate and prolong a long- term partnership, which enables more effective competition with others firms which are positioned outside the partnership Carillo 1988; Walker, Poppo 1991). The crucial decision toward the correct partner selection is the primary focus after pursuing this alliance strategy (Hitt, Tyler, Hardee, Park 1995). According to Koot (1988) the selecting of a partner is a complex process however crucial to the success of an alliance. In the partner selection process perspectives of both resource-based and organizational earning provide an explanation as to why certain partners are selected (Barkema, Bell, Pennings 1996). In explanation, firms own certain resource endowments (Barney 1991) however, in order to obtain a competitive position in a specific market supplementary resources are necessary (Hitt, Nixon, Clifford, Coyne 1999), which is the main objective for engaging in strategic alliances. Hitt et al. (2000) argues that of importance to the partner selection process is the firms’ embeddedness in both emerging markets and developed markets. Furthermore, the access to necessary esources for leveraging as well as the obtaining of capabilities for learning are primary reasons for the selection of partners. Table 1 in the Appendices, state the concluding outcomes on the selection of partners by Hitt et al. (2000), which explains the fundamental elements of the process toward partner selection. Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1996) and Dacin and Olivers’ (1997) view state that legitimacy enhancements are an additional intention for establishing alliances, therefore the partner selection process is focused on those providing strong intangible assets, for example strong reputations. According to Bronder and Pritzl (1992) critical to the partner selection process is the establishment of fundamental, strategic and cultural fit. This fundamental fit is achieved if a win-win situation for both parties is established and potential value is increased. The strategic fit is realized when the alliance involves partners with harmony of the business plans. Finally, the cultural fit is an essential success factor for partner selection, which is accomplished after acceptance of cultural differences among the partners. Phase 4: Designing the Partnership Niederkofler (1991) argues that the negotiation process must essentially interpret learly understandable resources and interests of the partners involved, in order for the creation of strategic and organizational fit to be achieved, which will direct the accomplished through open and detailed communication, circumventing hidden agendas of any sort. The consequence of this open communication translates into a coherent attitude of sincerity toward the different partners, which demands trust. In addition to strategic fit, the negotiation process also initiates a solid basis for the enforcement of an operational fit within the partnership, which can be viewed in Figure 1 of the Appendices. An important aspect of the negotiation process is the creation of flexibility, which is increased through contract provisions in addition to developing and prolonging of trust. The process of conquering complexity in operations embarks with the communication of the discovered complexity, followed by a tracking and solving of this difficulty, which results in the avoidance of any operational unalignments. The flexibility within the partnering arrangement, in addition to trust, permits renegotiation processes within the partnership; however a coherent basis must be accomplished (Niederkofler 1991). The success of alliances is highly dependent on a competent and effective alignment, therefore of importance is the designing of the partnership, thus the structure implemented. This structure is in need of a fine constructed collection of strategy, procedures and management views, which can be viewed as the internal alignment (Miles, Snow 1994). In the process of obtaining internal alignment interests as well as environmental aspects must be balanced between the partners, enabling a profitable situation (Douma, Bilderbeek, Idenburg, Looise 2000). Additionally, their framework, Figure 3, Appendices, stress the act that the five features must sufficiently be aligned to prevent failure. One of the features, namely strategic fit, is established when expected advantages and possible risks are weighed against that of the individual interests in the alliance. Various driver of strategic fit can be identified, starting with a shared vision. Further conditions necessary for strategic fit are compatibility of strategies (Brouthers, Brouthers, Wilkinson 1993), strategic importance (Doz 1988), acceptance into the market and mutual dependency. In addition to strategic fit, organizational fit is a ecessity, however due to the differences in many aspects, such as market position, organizational structure and views, management style, this is a complex task. By clarifying these differences an understanding between partners is achieved. Numerous drivers toward organizational fit are identified, namely as stated above the addressing of organizational differences (Doz 1988) furthermore, essential drivers are facilitating strategic and organizational flexibility, minimal complexity to enhance manageability (Killing 1988), efficient management control, enhancing long-term tability by investigating possible strategic conflicts and finally, the achievement of the strategic objective. Of influence, however to lesser extent are the three remaining features in the framework, which are human, operational and cultural fit. Human fit is particularly of importance in alliances processes (Boersma 1999) and according to Lewis (1990) the cultural fit is specifically an issue among employers and employees, which translates to their functioning in for example boardrooms. Finally, operational fit, also relates to the functioning of the alliance and is often susceptible to various ontingencies, therefore must be aligned. Research and Development activities have gradually evolved since the 1980s (Peterson, 1991). Creamer (1976) and Pearce (1989) identified three primary types of Research and Development activities, namely basic purpose is an understanding of the inherent and fundamental scientific development, however disregarding commercial applications. Furthermore, applied research employs knowledge conceived from the basic research to certain dimensions such as technical problems or related commercial technology aspects. In conclusion, basic research generates new facts and theories which are thereafter roven through applied research. These proven facts are generated into products and processes in the development stadium. The intention of development activities is the configuration of applied research contributions into commercially feasible products, processes and technologies Oansen 1995; Jones, Davis 2000). Phase 5: Implementation and Management of the Partnership The role of the management of strategic alliances is valuable for the progression of the alliance toward a successful outcome, however it is complex to manage (Koza, Lewin 2000). An important aspect in serving this complexity is the acquiring of nowledge from past engaging in alliances, which provides meaningful know-how to be leveraged (Kale, Dyer, Singh 2001). The framework of the four C’s of learning and leveraging alliance know how provides a tool for obtaining valuable knowledge. The four components in the framework are, capture, codify, communicate and create, and coach (Kale, Dyer, Singh 2001), also visible in Figure 4, Appendices. Capture refers to managements’ role of accessing and obtaining of valuable alliance insights and past experiences. To codify past experiences and practices contributes to the accomplishing of alliance specific needs. In order to have a common thread through the organization on these past knowledge practices, communication is essential in sharing experiences. Additionally, the creation of networks within the alliance facilitates the distribution of these valuable experiences and knowledge. Intrinsically executed coaching and education programs increase the ability to obtain alliance skills. An additional benefit from coaching is the establishment of informal social networks, which provides assistance in key situations. Furthermore, networks are critical to the development of opportunities, the assessing of concepts and obtaining esources in order to construct the new partnership (Aldrich, Zimmer 1986). The incorporation of social networks within a firm improves communication between partners, which in turn results in improved decision making processes (Gulati 1993). Various intentions for the implementation of networks can be identified, one specific is the preserving of advantages (Lorenzoni, Baden- Fuller 1995). According to Madhaven, Koka and Prescott (1998) the initiation of inter-organizational networks is created by exogenous factors, which could include competition background and specific industrial activities. Building on this theory, Gulati et al. (1997) argues that the initiation of these inter-organizational networks is dependent on two aspects, namely exogenous resource dependencies, which achieve motivation of the cooperation and an â€Å"endogenous embeddedness† dynamic, which in turn familiarizes toward partner selection. According to Stinchcombe (1990), in flows of network information meaningful views are discovered,